Nokia Oyj, founded in 1865 and headquartered in Espoo, Finland, stands as a global innovator delivering cutting-edge networking solutions across mobile, fixed, and cloud domains. The company orchestrates its extensive operations through four primary divisions: Network Infrastructure, Mobile Networks, Cloud and Network Services, and Nokia Technologies. Its comprehensive portfolio encompasses essential infrastructure for mobile networks, including radio access technology and microwave transport links, supported by a full suite of services covering network planning, optimization, deployment, and ongoing technical support. For fixed connectivity, Nokia supplies fiber and copper-based access solutions, in-home Wi-Fi systems, and advanced cloud and virtualization services. The IP networking segment provides a broad spectrum of solutions, from IP access to aggregation, edge, and core routing, catering to residential, business, mobile, cloud, and digital industrial requirements, complemented by software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) technologies. Furthermore, Nokia’s optical network offerings feature sophisticated components such as coherent transponders, optical transport network switches, wavelength-division multiplexers, reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer solutions, and optical line systems, designed for applications ranging from metropolitan access to long-haul and submarine networks. Within its Cloud and Network Services, the company provides core network capabilities for voice and packet services, business applications emphasizing security, automation, and monetization, alongside cloud and cognitive services, and enterprise solutions tailored for private wireless connectivity and industrial automation. Through Nokia Technologies, the firm also generates revenue by licensing its vast intellectual property portfolio, encompassing patents, technologies, and the iconic Nokia brand, in addition to providing associated hardware, software, and services. Nokia's clientele spans communications service providers, large web enterprises, hyperscalers, diverse digital industries, and government organizations globally.